نشریه رویش روان شناسی
سال نهم شماره 8 (پیاپی 53، آبان 1399)

In early 2020, people around the world, beyond color, race, social class, nationality, or geography, have been plagued by a common problem called coronavirus and COVID-19. There is an increasing amount of anxiety, worry and stress around the world, and we are witnessing the death of dozens of people every hour. In the days when society is facing more than ever an unbalanced amount of misinformation about the disease and the state of the world, and the anxiety and stress of getting sick is more annoying than getting sick, the social and moral responsibility of psychologists and counselors demands that take this step. The main purpose of this paper was to identify the Stress & Anxiety around Coronavirus and COVID-19 disease and provide practical ways to manage the Stress & Anxiety. The present study method was a review article and included various articles and studies on stress, anxiety and COVID-19. Based on theoretical and research principles, finally, there were 24 tecnique to reduce stress and anxiety, including 12 cognitive-behavioral techniques (such as emotional regulation techniques, mindfulness, self-improvement, cognitive reconstruction, positive thinking, positive visualization, thought stopping and distraction) and 12 non-cognitive techniques (such as relaxation, exercising, music therapy, and massage therapy) have been introduced so that psychologists and counselors can use these techniques in the current context of increasing the stress an anxiety caused by the coronavirus. At the end, the research evidence has examined.

The purpose of this study was to compare self-determination in marital relationships, commitment to spouse, and marital satisfaction in married men and women without and with conflict referring to counseling centers. So, a sample of married men and women with conflict referred to counseling centers (85 people: 59 women and 25 men) and non-conflict married men and women (97 people: 56 women and 41 men) were participated voluntarily and completed the Basic Psychological Need Scale (BPNS) by Sheldon et al. (2001), Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale by Schumm et al. (1983), Marital Commitment Scale by Adams & Jones (1997). The results of this study showed that the distress group in comparison with the non-conflicting people reported lower scores in autonomy, competence, relatedness, marital commitment, and marital satisfaction (p< .01). The results also showed that men generally achieved higher scores in marital commitment and marital satisfaction than women (p< .01). To test the interactional effect of gender and conflict, the results showed that women in the non-conflict group had higher scores of incompetency and relatedness (p< .05). Unresolved conflicts in marital relationships decrease the couple’s ability to self-determination in the relationship, decrease marital commitment, and marital satisfaction. Enriching couples’ relationships by increasing self-determination in dyadic relationships lead to increased commitment and marital satisfaction.

The aim of the present study was constructing a tool to test the factors affecting marital stability and satisfaction. The present study was descriptive and validation type. The research population included all married people in Bandar Abbas in 2019 that 310 people were selected by convenience methods and answered Marriage Attractions Questionnaire (MAQ) and Marital Satisfaction Index (IMS). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and Pearson correlation were used to analyze the data. Data were analyzed by SPSS-22 and AMOS-23. The results of the analysis of MAQ led to the identification of 7 components that were included in three general factors: intrapersonal, interpersonal and environmental. Cronbachchr('39')s alpha showed that all components have a coefficient between 0.77 and 0.96. The results of the correlation between the components of MAQ with IMS showed that there is a significant relationship between all the components of MAQ and IMS (p<0.05). Based on the results, it can be concluded that MAQ can be used as a research and clinical tool by researchers and couples therapists.

The purpose of present study was to investigate the factor, predictive and criterion validity and internal consistency of Adelaide Driving Self-efficacy scale (ADSES). In a descriptive-correlation and validation study, 345 people in two studies (147 in the first study and 197 in the second study) were selected through a convenience sampling method from those referring to License Plate Replacement Center in Bojnourd city and completed Adelaide Driving Self-efficacy scale (ADSES). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, discriminate analysis, Pearson `s correlation coefficient, Independent T-Test, and One way Analysis of variance were analyzed using SPSS.16 andAmos.20 software. The results showed that the structure of an agent that explains 76.43% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis also confirmed this structure. The internal consistency of the scale was confirmed by Cronbachchr('39')s alpha and split-half coefficient of 0.97. Discriminate analysis based on the history of a driving accident or lack of it, indicates a predictive validity of the scale.There was a positive and significant relationship between age and driving experience with driving self-efficacy. The Item-Response parameters were also at the optimum level. Differences were significant in terms of gender and men had a higher mean. There was no significant difference in terms of educational level. Adelaide Driving Self-efficacy scale (ADSES) seems to have a good validity and reliability and can be used as a precise instrument in this regard.

Achievement Motivation is a tendency to try to choose and perform activities that aim to achieve success or avoid failure. The aim of this study was to Predicting studentschr('39') achievement motivation based on academic self-efficacy, academic self-efficacy, dysfunctional attitudes, and the meaning of education. The research method was correlational. The statistical population included all male dormitory students of the University of Tehran and the statistical sample included 293 people who were selected as available. Research tools included the Hermans (1977) The achievement motivation Scale, Jones  & Rhodewalt (1982) The self-handicapping scale, Jinks & Morgan  (1999) The Academic Self-efficacy Scale, Weissman & Beck (1987) The Dysfunctional Attitude Scale, and Henderson-King and Smith (2006) The Learning Meaning Scale. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, regression and t statistical tests. The research findings showed that the relationship between academic self-empowerment, academic self-efficacy and the meaning of education with achievement motivation at the level of 0.01 is positive and significant and the relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and achievement motivation is negative and significant) P< 0/01(. Also, the results of regression analysis showed that the predictor variables explain 21% of the variance of the achievement motivation. The results of this study help identify the factors influencing the achievement motivation and show the need for more attention of officials to these factors to promote achievement motivation and subsequent success.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between body image dissatisfaction and alexithymia with smartphone addiction in adolescents. The present study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the study included all male and female students of the second secondary school in the 3rd district of Tabriz in the academic year of 1398-99. A sample of 150 people was selected by multistage cluster sampling. The smartphone addiction scale (SAS)(Cowan et al., 2013), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) (Begby et al., 1994) and Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI) (Littleleton et al., 2005) were used to gather information. Data were analyzed using multiple correlation and regression methods using SPSS-23 software. The results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between alexithymia and body image dissatisfaction with smartphone addiction (p <0.01). Standard beta coefficients also showed that alexithymia (β=0.47) and body image dissatisfaction (β=0.31) were able to predict smartphone addiction. Finally, it can be concluded that dissatisfaction with body image and alexithymia are among the variables associated with smartphone addiction and have the ability to predict it.

Body dysmorphic disorder is one of the disorders that causes mental obsession about some aspects of the body so that it can lead to the expression of dissatisfaction with onechr('39')s body. There have been various treatments to cure the disorder so far which the most effective one is cognitive behavioral therapy. This treatment targets wrong beliefs and obsessive-compulsive behaviors associated with the disorder. The current study is a review and includes applied research in cognitive behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder. According to theoretical and research principles, cognitive behavioral therapy is effective in improving this disorder. to increase efficiency, using cognitive behavioral therapy to cure Body dysmorphic disorder in Youth and adolescents is recommended.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of self-understanding in male children and investigate the relationship between levels of understanding with mother’s being employed or non-employed and her education. The male students of Shahriar in three age groups of 7-8, 9-10 and 11-12 years old from high economic status family were chosen through cluster random method and they were all examined and interviewed through Damon and Hartchr('39')s semi-structured interview. After collecting the data and coding them based on the relevant instruction, the quantitative data was analyzed applying descriptive statistics, multivariate analysis of variance,  The obtained results showed that there is a significant and direct relationship between different levels of self-understanding with age; that is, the level of self-understanding increases with age as well(p=0/0001, r=0/296). No meaningful relationship was found between the transformational levels of self-understanding and mother’s education. No remarkable relationship was found between the levels of self-understanding in boys and the mother’s being employed or housewife as well. So motherchr('39')s employment status and her education donchr('39')t determine attitude toward self in boys.

The purpose of this study was to Comparison of the effectiveness training multisensory Fernald and Everton method on improving dyslexia in dyslexic students in elementary school students. A quasi-experimental design was a pre-test-posttest with a control group. The population of all dyslexic students of Tabriz primary school girl in the academic year of 2018-2019 was selected from 45 dyslexic students of elementary school dyslexic center of Tabriz 4th district learning districts and randomly assigned to two groups of 15 The experimental group was Fernald and 15 subjects in the Orton test group and 15 in the control group. So, for the first group, the training was performed by Fernald and the second group was provided by the Orton method and did not receive the educational control group. A dyslexic checklist and a dyslexic test (face) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis and post hoc tests. The results of this study showed that training of Farnood and Everton method on the improvement of dyslexia in elementary school students and decreasing the rate of dyslexia in students. Also, the results showed that Farnoodchr('39')s training had a greater effect on dyslexia than Everton. Therefore, consideration of Fernald and Evertonchr('39')s treatment method is recommended for dyslexia improvement.

The present study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of Parent Management Training (PMT) on frustration tolerance and adjustment of adolescent girls in Kerman. The research method was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest and control group. A sample of 32 First year high school girls in Kerman was chosen by a multistage cluster random sampling method in the 2018_2019 academic year and randomly assigned to the experimental and control group. The parents of the experimental group were included in Parent Management Training (PMT) program for 9 sessions but parents of the control group did not receive any training. The research tools were Harringtonchr('39')s frustration Tolerance questionnaire (2005) and Sinha and Singchr('39')s Adjustment students questionnaire (1993). The data were analyzed by descriptive indicators and multivariate analysis of covariance using SPSS software version 24. The results showed in the experimental group compared to the control group, the mean scores of frustration intolerance significantly reduced and  the mean scores of adjustment significantly increased in the posttest. Therefore, the results showed that Parental Management Training can be a useful intervention for reducing frustration intolerance and increasing adjustment of adolescent girls.

The problems of adults with autism, especially marriage, are one of the most challenging problems for families. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the views and attitudes of parents towards the marriage of boys and girls with autism. In this exploratory and descriptive study, the attitudes of 100 parents of children with autism over the age of 15 years in Tehran were examined using the available sampling method by conducting a researcher-made questionnaire. The findings showed that only 30 percent of parents expressed a positive attitude toward the marriage of girls and boys with autism. The participants agreed with the support of relevant organizations and associations by educating families about marriage and cohabitation of children with autism. While only 10 percent of parents believed that people with autism have no sexual desires at all, 55 percent disagreed with taking medication to control the sexual desires of individuals with autism. On the other hand, 90 percent of parents believed that sports activities should be utilized to control sexual desires in individuals with autism. Ninety percent of parents believed that individuals with autism should get married. According to the findings, despite numerous problems in the field of autism spectrum disorder, the most important of which is the lack of communication skills, half of the families opposed the marriage of people with autism spectrum disorders, but their view was that individuals with autism can marry with others. Modification of the attitudes of parents and individuals with autism as well as various segments of society is the most important step that experts, counselors, and planners should take.

The purpose of this study was to compare decision making and identification styles in students with and without the experience of love trauma syndrome at Urmia University. The research design was causal-comparative. The statistical population of the study consisted of all students with the experience of Love Trauma Syndrome who were referred to Urmia University Counseling Center during the first semester of the academic year 1389-99. The statistical sample of the study was 76 people that 38 of them were selected as the main group by convenience sampling method and 38 people were selected as the comparison group by the matching method.  Rosse Love Trauma Inventrory (1999), Bruce & Scott Decision Making Questionnaire (1995), and Brzonski Identity Style Inventory (1992) were used for data collection. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance. The results showed that there was a significant difference between students with and without love trauma syndrome in dimensions of decision making and identification styles. Based on the results we can conclude that love breakdown has a relationship with the impairment in the process of identification and the different styles of decision making and it requires psychological interventions and training.

Juvenile delinquency is a growing social phenomenon that occurs in various forms in society. Therefore, paying attention to this phenomenon is of great importance. In this regard, the aim of the present study was to compare emotion expression, inhibitory / behavioral activation systems and intolerance of uncertainty in delinquent and normal adolescents in Tehran. This study was comparative and the statistical population of the study included adolescents in Tehran. Sampling in this study was targeted and 60 people (30 juvenile delinquents and 30 normal adolescents) were selected by this method. Data using emotional expression questionnaire (King and Emons, 1990), Behavioral / Activating Systems Activation Scale (BIS / BAS) (Carver and White, 1994) and Uncertainty Uncertainty Scale (Friston et al., 1994). ), Was collected. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance. The results of this study showed that the expression of excitement, inhibitory / activating behavioral systems and intolerance is indistinguishable between delinquent and normal adolescents (P <0.05). These findings suggest that emotion expression, inhibitory / behavioral activation systems, and intolerance are uncertainties influencing juvenile delinquency. Accordingly, psychological training can be used to moderate personality traits as well as juvenile delinquency.

The aim of the present study was investigating the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on cognitive emotion regulation in gifted male students. The statistical population of the present study was all male students in the first high school in Gifted Shahre-Babak High School in the academic year of 2018-2019. In this research, the purposive sampling method was used. after the initial implementation of the questionnaire, 30 subjects who had less scores in the cognitive emotion regulation were selected and randomly assigned to experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. For the experimental group, during 8 2-hour sessions, a mindfulness-based cognitive therapy intervention program was implemented between the pre-test and post-test intervals. To collect data, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire of Garnowski et al. (2001) was used. Data were analyzed using the univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The results showed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy training has a significant effect on reducing maladaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation and increasing adaptive strategies (except acceptance and refocusing on planning) (P<0.01). Therefore, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy education can be considered as an effective intervention in improving the cognitive emotion regulation in gifted students.

The current study intended to identify the factors influencing marital commitment maintenance in economical pressure periods from married women’s perspective. In so doing, a qualitative approach and a phenomenological research methodology was employed. The participants included 15 married women living in Bandarabas who were selected through purposive sampling method. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and were analyzed using Thematic Analysis (TA) technique. The findings showed that the factors maintaining marital commitment can be classified into four main themes: factors related to the nuclear family, factors related to family-of-origin, beliefs-cultural factors, and psychological factors. Factors related to the nuclear family include two subthemes (factors related to couple relationship and child-related factors). Factors related to family-of-origin include two subthemes (performing duties and responsibilities and parenting). Beliefs-cultural factors include three subthemes (religious beliefs, local cultural beliefs, and national cultural beliefs). The psychological factors include five subthemes (emotional factors, factors associated with one’s perception of her husband, attitude factors, communication literacy, and personality factors). The results of the study may be used in the fields of divorce prevention and family consolidation.

Juvenile delinquency is a growing social phenomenon that occurs in various forms in society. In this regard, the perpuse of this research was determining the role of the dark triad of personality (machiavellianism, narcissism and anti-socialism), intolerance of uncertainty, expression of excitement and empirical avoidance in predicting high-risk sexual behaviors of delinquent adolescents in Tehran. This study was correlational and the statistical population of the study included juvenile delinquents in Tehran. 60 juvenile delinquents (30 boys and 30 girls) were selected by convenience sampling method. Data were collected by questionnaires of high-risk sexual behaviors (Zarei et al., 2010), dark personality traits (Johnson & Webster, 2010), intolerance of uncertainty (Friston et al., 1994), emotion expression (King and Amons, 1990), and acceptance and action (Bond et al., 2011).  data were analyzed using correlation and multivariate regression test with step by step method. The results showed that there was a relationship between the dark triad of personality (machiavellianism, narcissism and anti-socialism), intolerance of uncertainty, expression of emotion and empirical avoidance with high-risk sexual behaviors of delinquent adolescents (P <0.05). The results also showed that expressing emotion, anti-socialism and intolerance of uncertainty predicted 0.30, 0.30 and 0.22 of high-risk sexual behaviors, respectively. Based on the research findings, it can be said that anti-socialism, intolerance of uncertainty and expression of emotion are able to explain high-risk sexual behaviors in delinquent adolescents, so to change the high-risk sexual behaviors of these adolescents, these variables can be considered.

Breast cancer is the most common and fatal cancer among women aged 40 to 55 accounting for more than 23% of all cancers in women. The present study was aimed at offering an overview of recent studies on the psychological and social adaptation to breast cancer compiled through a systematic review of the related literature. Scientific databases including google scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, SID, Proquest, and Ovid were searched using English keywords of “cancer compatibility”, “adaptation”, “breast cancer” and Persian equivalents of “breast cancer” and “compatibility” covering the interval of 2016 to 2020 and the results were reported qualitatively. After conducting the search and evaluating the papers, the final analysis was performed on 19 articles. These studies reported a relationship between the degree of adaptation and the recovery process in breast cancer patients and investigated the significance of this relationship. These papers highlighted the importance of adaptation in improving the quality of life in breast cancer patients. The findings indicate that factors such as spirituality and religion, effective coping strategies, social intelligence, emotional intelligence, perceived social support, marital status, relationship between husband and wife, history of cancer in the family, pre-existing depression, and self-efficacy have significant relationships with the degree of adaptation to breast cancer in the patients. However, there is a need for prospective analytical studies with control of intervention variables in order to further clarify this relationship.

An accurate identification serves as the pathway that can guide the therapist towards the ultimate goal of adopting appropriate therapeutic and rehabilitation methods. Therefore, the present study aimed to systematically review and qualitative meta-analysis on the identification patterns in Specific Learning Disorder (SLD). The data in this qualitative meta-analysis was all study related to keywords and in line with the purpose of the research. 30 pieces of research were analyzed and evaluated in the present study. This study found the pattern of IQ-achievement discrepancy is more often seen as a “waiting for failure” method. Furthermore, the pattern of response to intervention has a serious problem due to poor psychometric properties for initial diagnosis and lack of true positive diagnosis. Therefore, specialists in this field have introduced a pattern of strengths and weaknesses (PSW), to reduce diagnostic problems in this field. This pattern with providing cognitive and educational profiles of students is particularly accurate in identifying potential learning difficulties, and can be used to distinguish children with SLD from children with learning problems and slow learner, and planning to perform cognitive processing-based interventions. In sum, the PSW pattern with a comprehensive assessment of cognitive and academic abilities of students with SLD and by identifying their diagnostic components can lead to increased validity of SLD diagnosis.

Today, yoga has become a popular supplement treatment. One of the important aspects of research in this field is the study of qualitative studies in the experience of yoga as a treatment. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying and examining the factors and criteria for experiencing yoga as psychotherapeutic interventions, with regular review of existing research in this field. For this purpose, the databases of Science Direct, psyInfo, Taylor & Francis, PubMed, Civilica, Magiran, SID and Noormags were searched. After extracting disproportionate articles for research purposes, a complete review of the remaining 13 articles was performed. The results led to the extraction of eleven categories and three main categories. The factors that reduce suffering include the criteria for silencing the mind, emotional stability and physical health, and acceptance; The factor of self as a factor of change, including the criteria of connectivity, empowerment, compassionate awareness, understanding a holistic approach and flexible attention; And the treatment factor as a process, including the two criteria of barriers to practicing yoga and overcoming barriers. Finally, the results indicate the acceptance and possibility of using yoga as supplementary treatment for people suffering from common mental health problems such as anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder.